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Definition Typically, three Pythagorean means are defined and constitute the classical means used in various scientific fields; they are the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, and the harmonic mean. Pythagoreans are reported to have first studied these means, along with later generations of Greek mathematicians, and this is why the means got the name ‘Pythagorean’. […]

Clustering is an important category of machine learning methods and a main form of unsupervised learning. Clustering is essentially distinctive and substantially different from the other dominant form of machine learning, classification, in that it does not rely on training (supervised learning). In principle, clustering represents any method that tries to identify and distinguish groups […]

Of the most basic forms of a machine learning system based on neural networks is the one in which training is accomplished using back error propagation, or simply back-propagation. Back-propagation is a technique, like many others, that targets the minimisation of a cost function during a learning process by following the descending gradient of the […]